A strategic Analysis of Easycar and Easy group of Companies

Easy car was launched in 2000 by Stelios who was already operating and managing Easyjet which was formed in 1995 by taking a loan from his father, an able Shipping Billionaire. This Entrepreneurship related fire and ability may be family attained but Stelios has proven his capabilities by running Easy group of companies. Although some problems have been faced but it has always been said that failure is just learning for the truly famous and successful. Easycar is a brand that gets a lot of loyal customers and followers.
 Being famous has its cons and Easycar has had sufficient problems with Legal authorities because the lawyers see a great value in the ability to sue Easy for any little mistake it commits and its customers who make a big deal of everything that happens, which big company or growing brand has not had these problems. Torts and Legalities, financial problems and short comings in marketing  environmental analysis do come as the companies grow and expand into all different kinds of segments and focuses. That is why Al Ries always said in his 22 immutable law of branding dont over grow and dont be everything for everyone. But out of the blue weird examples come like Easygroup and Virgin co (Virgin co lead by Richard Branson is one of the companies that like Easy have expanded into all kind of businesses) and we can well study them to see how these companies have become such successes when they have expanded so much that we cannot really understand their core businesses and Essence.

According to the Easy group website Today Easygroup has spread into different categories and types of businesses but some of the major businesses are
Easyjet
Easycar
EasyInternetCafe
EasyCinema
EasyMoney
EasyHotel

When I analyze the Easygroup of companies I get a feel as if its a mirror company to Virgin as it Follows the same line of expansion as Richard branson has done with Virgin Co. Stelios Does not bring any kind of associations to the Brand as does Richard Branson. People love Branson for the witty and wild figure he has. He flies himself and people love to follow him and copy him in to what he does. That gives Virgin Co and any extension that they do instant usage and followers. This maybe a problem for the Easy empire Someday but that is not the focus of our work here we will try to focus on Easycar and how does it stand in the total industry that is direct and indirect or even remotely related. Easycar today is operating in more than 60 companies and is proving to be a strategic success and a wonder ground due to the carefully planned gut wrenching competition that it gives to people by applying just in time policies to its car rental business and the low cost it keeps due to its policies which result in lowest margins and costs for its users and customers. We will be analyzing these policies, the thoughts that led to these policies and how they are affecting the overall business today and how it had an effect on the date the business started. We are also going to try and form some associations that different businesses Easygroup is pursuing bring and how it skews the overall image association and promise that it offers to its consumers and how the overall standing of Easygroup will be affected in the future.

Mission Statement of EasyGroup
Our mission is to Manage and extend Europes leading value Brand to more products and services, whilst creating real wealth for all Stakeholders.
Vision Statement of EasyGroup
EasyGroup will develop leading value brands into a global force. We will pain the world Orange.
Mission Statement of EasyCar
At Easycar we aim to offer you outstanding value for money. To us value means reliable service at a low price. We achieve this by simplifying the product that we offer, and passing on the benefits to you in the form of lower price.

So all in all the vision and Mission statement give us an entry point into the mentality of the EasyGroup and resultantly Easycars management. Basically for them expanding so much is not the problem rather they want to be a part of each and everything in our life and become a brand more powerful than any other. Also the other focus of their business is to become a Global force by expanding outside Europe and in other potential countries.

Easycars mission statement clearly states the mission of the company is to follow the vision of Easygroup and offer its customer as much value as possible for as less cost as possible. Also Stelios explains reliability as the main mission behind operations of Easycar and that is why they have always bought the best cars available for renting out and also have kept the prices and margins as low as possible. Another factor to keep in mind is that the mission of Easycar is to simplify the product that is making the process of renting out cars and returning them as easy as possible. Easycar has failed here a little bit which will be explained later on as customers have complained that there are hidden costs and it sometimes takes too long to get the product or service needed.

These Mission and Value statements explain to us the culture existing in the workplace and will be very useful in getting the overall picture of the steps that they have taken from time to time and the future that exists for them.

Examination of EasyCar, Environment and Opportunities
Before Thinking of the future we will need to have a look in the past and see what would have been the factors that Stelios and team analyzed and targeted on launch. This would give us enough base and give us the opportunity to see what the company was targeted to be, where it is going and what strategic thinking has been the cause of any change or manipulation in the direction  target.

In any business before launch an environmental and business analysis is done. As to get a better view of where Easycar is standing, we will do an analysis that Stelios and team must have done before the launch of Easycar. The analysis will concentrate on Environmental and Competitive variables which are one of the most important prior to launch of a Brand. This information helps a company to make a strategic plan on how to defend itself from attacks of the Competition and how to perceptually map themselves for the consumer so that they have a different appeal and get positioned in the consumers mind effectively from where it is difficult to take them out.

First of all we would try to do Environmental scanning and recreate the variable that may have existed for Easycar and group of companies in 9899.

Macro Environmental Scanning
Macro environmental scanning includes the more macro variables that if not directly indirectly affect the business and can create problem in the short as well as long term.

Economy
1999 was the first year that Euro was adopted in Europe and England at that time avoided its use because of the power that Pound held relative to the undervalued Euro at that time. This was and could create problems for Easycar where it had to operate in two currencies and had to take the currency and exchange rate risk. This overall strategy made it much more risky because it operated in many currencies at that time and must have made investments by converting one kind of currency.

GDP and overall Economic performance was going good and it was a positive plus point for the company. The tourism was also increasing and at that time world was in more of a peaceful bliss so the problems existing were much lower and controlled unlike the situation that developed after 911. Consumer and investor confidence had been rising which was also evident in the rising profitability of Easyjet and Easygroup. The future looked safe and invigorating. This was economically the perfect moment for the launch of a company as Inflation was controlled and people had increasing incomes and many people who could only opt for public transport were acquiring the ability to rent cars and get cars for a whole day. Another factor that resulted for better economic conditions was that people were travelling more and tourism was on the rise in Europe which increased the overall success rate of a business that had a whole segment of tourists to pay attention to.

Government and Legal Environment
Stelios is and was a much influential figure in all of the power circles as we already know that he has been invited into European business community societies for giving his voice in the future planning and what he thinks should be the direction of European parliaments and planning.Easycar did not face any problem from governmental side. The policies and taxation in most of the Europe were being added with consistency so companies could operate freely within Europe without having any big difficulty. This move helped for an easy launch of Europe wide service, brands and products.

Technology
At the time of their launch use of technology was just picking up and not many of the companies were using intensive technological factors such as that Easyjet was using. This gave it an upper hand with the use of technology and the effective  efficient functioning of it. It was only able because of the intensive experience that they already had with the Easyjet business. Technology was going to play a big role for demand based pricing and information systems were used all over the organization. Europe especially western Europe most of it had the technological capabilities and the required manpower to fulfill the technological needs of Easycar, Easygroup and their future endeavors. It was a plus point for Easycar that it was placed in such an environment that it could easily use the technological manpower and its own experiences to apply the setting everywhere it went in Europe easily.

Socio-Cultural Factors
Europe has demographics where the population is aging and kids are decreasing in number. The baby boomers are growing older and a much more independent Generation Y has come up.

Population
According to a study by (BBC) the most populous regions of the European union according to descending order were London with 12 million, Paris with 11.6 million, Madrid with 5.6 million, Ruhr with 5.4 million, Berlin with 4.9 million, Barcelona with 4.8 million, Milan 3.9 million and Athens and Rome with 3.7 million each. These were the cities with the most population and urbanization. These could have been the target of Easycar but remember the bigger the city the bigger is the competition which would have to be kept in view when landing into these cosmopolitans. So, Easycar would have to invest more in Advertisement, publicity and plan carefully in these Cities to grow and survive.

We can also judge about the aging population from a study done by (BBC) which states that Europe needs to increase its fertility rate and babies per mother or it  needs to shut its lamp out as labor shortages will occur and the total number of babies will decrease and older peoples population will increase.

If we do an analysis of what the Article says we can easily deduce that in the future if the situation doesnt get better people will have lesser babies which in turn leads to people buying lesser cars when they live independently as they wont need to and the cost associated with it can easily be mitigated by travelling through the local transport services. I say this because it has been seen that people buy cars when they get married and have kids for their protection and to make their life easier when they drop them to schools in weird weather etc. So the future is although not in favor of Europe in the very long term and needs to change but is in favor of Easycar which can easily tap into this growing population which goes on vacations more and may need to rent a car from time to time as their wage rate increases and they start investing more for enjoyment. Self actualization leads to people spending more for enjoyment but we also must remember that due to the increasing wage rates and falling population industries may start moving out and lead Europe into Recession that doesnt end easily and this is something that cannot be predicted easily.

Attitude of the Population
European population according to (Eurobarometer, 2008) is growing fast, today 37 of the population is above the age of 55 and more than 50 is above the puberty age. People are growing fast and so are the attitude and the want to live and grow alone and live with as much independence as possible. Surveys reveal that the young take marriage as a periphery and want to be independent. This attitude reveals a growing interest as already discussed in Rent a car services because people usually living alone travel through public transport. Also as independent people usually Date more and are outgoing because of this factor the industry may face a growing trend towards car rental industries in the future.

Another trend that is being seen is the growing tendency towards environmental cleanliness and towards the use of organic commodities and perishable items. People are touchier about the environment. Having a plan to use Mercedes cars that were A class could and can be used as an Environment Friendly stance to reduce the carbon being produced in the air. Easycar would need to increasingly use Environment and also build environment friendly processes to win customer loyalty both on benefit and value basis if we keep the Brand value pyramid in view.

Amalgamation of Cultures
Europe today has become a culture house where all the ethnic societies of the world meet. More and more labor is being imported from developing countries to fulfill the void that exists. This will also be an opportunity for Easycar. It all depends on how it builds touch points and activates the brand as a commodity and service for the population that comes from abroad. Those people usually dont have cars and can become a loyal customer base while they work and live in Europe.

Supply of Labor
Another thing to be kept in mind was the Supply of labor which has been falling since the people are aging due to low population increase. This creates problems for companies as demand increases and the wage rates go up which increases the cost for companies. This was a problem and will cause problem in the future. For this reason they will have to plan and operate with as less labor as possible and reduce the costs as much as possible. This is also one reason why vacant parking lots and online business is the best policy to reduce Labor needed and maximize the returns.

SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths
The company for its launch had a powerful big brother and it was the right time for the launch of a sibling. As Al Ries explains in his book 22 immutable laws of branding, there is always a time and space for the launch of a sibling. Because Easyjet was doing well it gave a good momentum for the launch of a much related service i.e. Easycar.

The time tested business model that proved to be very successful for the Jet business was available with EasyGroup and it gave them a huge push.

The founder is very competent and had a flamboyant love for business and Entrepreneurship. He also has a lot of experiences from his previous launches which were a plus point for Him and the company if launched.
As the Company believed totally in disintermediation and keeping its own employees and not having any franchises or middle man a lot of the cost could be cut, which would make it the strength of Easycar i.e. reduce its costs and help it to become cost leader in the sector.

Easyjet always had a system in place to exercise demand based price settings, through experience Stelios wanted to bring it to Easycar as well this was a huge step ahead and was  is the strength of Easycar which allows it to give competition and also keep gut wrenching prices so as to get margins according to the situation but still keep the prices low. The benefit was that when demand was low prices were kept at the lowest but when it was high prices were increased. This way the company kept as much turnover of its parked cars as possible.

The planned high use of technology and technology based approaches was also a strengthening factor. They already had high technology based systems employed in Easyjet these technologies if employed in the car rental industry would more or less be one of a kind and give them an upper hand and a strength which was very difficult to match.

It was planned to keep the costs transparent which would be a strength forever. People will trust Easycar more and will already know how they will be dealt with if certain car related issues arise. This will and does allow the Easycar brand to build a trust with the customer and build associations and emotional touch points.

Weaknesses
It only used to offer one kind of a car at set places. This was problematic for some people. As people wanted a certain kind of a car especially the business and luxury segment. It is also a weakness as people may want variety and change the company or Rent a car service to some provider that had more car choices. Although Easycar decided on this policy to reduce costs but it may reduce the overall revenues due to choice atrophy.

The process of picking up the car was extremely time taking and was also problematic for some people in a hurry. It sometimes took more than half hour for the employees to bring up the car and provide it to the customer.

There were lots of Documentation, formalities, form filling and Advance payments  hidden costs which though were removed later were a big hurdle to getting loyal customers as they used to get annoyed and left. This weakness will have been thought of but as Easycar was the cheapest and kept its margins to the lowest possible people could have just let it happen.

With the cost reduction strategy according to new media publications and advertising agency Easycars biggest weakness is its low attention to advertising campaigns and publicity. According to them it was and will be the biggest weakness for their strategic plans. On launch according to Al-Ries in his 22 immutable laws of Branding says that publicity results in the birth of a brand and advertising is used to maintain it. Easycar had no such plan and still seems to be behind in this sector which for sure is a weakness.

The overall brand expansion of Easy from jets to many other branches if not now will be a weakness where the consumer will be in suspended disbelief as to what to believe about Easygroup of companies. This problem was showing and is showing where many branches of Easygroup are suffering losses.

As cars have to be picked up and sent back on time, the main target population was the tourists or travelers who wanted to rent a car and they may get or may not be on time due to the flight getting late. Nothing was put in place to deal with this situation and may lead to customers leaving and not being loyal to Easycar as they would feel ripped off for something that wasnt their fault.

Opportunities
As discussed in the strengths portion and the environmental analysis of Europe, Car rental is and was seen as a ripe industry for growth. There is a lot of opportunity in this sector as the attitudes towards life, marriage and working changes. If used in a proper way and trends, Consumer preferences are followed it can be made into a budding business unlike others.

Another opportunity that exists is that this industry is seen as ripe for consolidation and if Easycar becomes a big player it can well merge or acquire other business getting more control and customers. As when competition reduces as a result of companies merging, acquiring or forced takeovers people have less choice giving companies more control on the margins they can charge. This increases the overall revenues and profits making the company a much more profitable entity putting back more in the overall investments for the company itself and Easygroup as a whole.

With the Tourism industry on the rise and the Shenghen Visa in full effect a rising trend of Eurotrips from America is becoming evident. There is a big opportunity in the Tourism industry as people go from one side to other. More and more people are working in different countries and businesses have much more interests in different part of Europe and the globe as a whole. People go on a jet in one day and come back on the same day fulfilling their business needs. This will result in a rising trend of using Rented Cars. If tapped into and positioned for these customers it well can become a big opportunity for Easycar.
The facility of renting a car in one hour and also cleaning it yourself reduces the cost for people and also allows Easycar to take over the Taxi service. This facility  service if used intelligently is one of the biggest opportunity that Easycar can exploit.

Threats
One of the biggest threats was the dug in and well established competitors that already had a big following. Competition required Easycar to keep its margins lower. This is a threat as it may become a problem where the competitor may dish out flanker services making it difficult to get customers. This presence of national, regional and international companies made the job difficult and would continue to be a problem.
Another threat that Easycar faced were legal challenges. It never knew when government was going to pass a considerably new policy which may affect its total working process. It is not necessary that government comes up with a new policy but you never really know what is in store from the government and law makers. Also the procedure that had been put together to fulfill the requirements was lengthy and annoying and was also going to invite many torts. There also existed a considerable chance that by mistake someone elses picture or sheet was attached somewhere else. As when people were not found returning the car on time their information which included security numbers and picture was given in the news papers. It had a problem that people feared that a user may get into some problem and his picture maybe given or someone elses picture and social security numbers may end up in the news creating problems for that person. This had got many employees, legal representatives and customers speaking and could damage the reputation of the company considerably in any time in the future.

Porters 5 Forces
The threat of Substitute products or Services
When we see the industry we see many competitors but also a very favorable environment. The propensity for buyer to use a substitute is high and as a result this increases the Buyers power. Relative to the competition although Easycar had less choices as Car type was always kept one all over the location but at the same time cost was also kept lower in comparison to others which got many customers thinking should they go for lower prices or personal choice. Because the cost of switching was zero other than the one time cost that was charged when Easycar was registered with, there was all the more probability of customers switching if they did not leave as a delighted and satisfied customers. It is also important for Easycar to keep its quality consistent throughout Europe so as to further strengthen its brand as the best that never lets its quality dwindle.

The threat of entry of a new competitor
As Europe gets more consistent policies, the threat of new competition increases. Already the Situation is ripe for consolidation. The chances of consolidation gives a chance for big players to land into the industry and acquire companies becoming a big player and giving competition considerably affecting the profits for Easycar. As Easygroup has a much diluted brand equity because of its spreading around all kinds of businesses and interests which has put the customer in a suspended disbelief.
But as economy was ripe anything could happen. Customer wanted to go for a more easily available and less costing brand and if the new entry was keeping the margins as low as possible it could be a winner.

Intensity of Competitive Rivalry
The competition is high as many of the brands have a high fire power and investment behind them. This is also a problem as Easygroup has a policy of cost cutting and depended more or less on word of mouth. As discussed earlier this was a problem as Easycar never believed in much investment in advertising and that is the reason why other competitors give Easycar much difficult time For example Avis Europe and it is also the reason why Easycar has such low Mindshare with users.

The bargaining power of customers
Customers have a huge power and say in what the companies do because they can easily change their services that they are intending to use because they have alternatives to the service they are using for example there are some big 4 companies contending for a customers attention example Avis and independent Players are also there. The cost of switching a supplier is close to zero and with a lot of choice it is much easier for them to go with the best.

The Bargaining power of Suppliers
As Easycar is a big customer and would be needing cars throughout Europe it would be a great thing for any company to get a contract from such a big client. In this case the bargaining power of companies is not much as they always want to sell. As far as Mercedes is concerned they were having problems with their A class series and would have been happy to get such a big Client. In this condition their bargaining power was further reduced giving Easycar the power to bargain and get the best price possible.

So overall we can say that Easycar has a fair good chance of excelling in this industry by being consumer oriented which was the reason why they quickly got in more cars. Only this customer orientation and developing products by being in close contact with a sample of people that are the most representative of Easycars customers is going to give them a higher hand and bargaining power both with the suppliers and also with the customers as they would have a loyal following.

BCG Matrix

Easygroup has a lot of Stars but also a lot of dogs which puts them in a difficult situation as to the portfolio management. With such a big portfolio Easygroup needs to concentrate on the stars which Easycar is and needs to Milk the cows such as Easyjet and Easyhotel and also sell or kill the dogs such as EasyInternet so as to keep the overall business as efficient as possible.

Target Market Evaluation
Easycar wanted to target the daily traveler, seldom renter and Tourist as well. Their main target market had been the people who travel within Europe using Easyjet as they would get a value added product that when they use Easyjet services they land at an airport in some part of Europe and take a car from the same company and drive to work, get their work done or go on a vacation come back at the airport leave their cars and go home. So a distant traveler and tourist was the main customer as it was for this fact that facilities were kept near to the airport although it was not as good as having a facility on the airport but to reduce cost they kept it near the airports where Easyjet usually operated i.e. top 17 cities in Europe and Train stations as to target the users who were travelling within Europe. This is also the reason why airport locations were well maintained, advertised about and kept open 24hrs every day. Having facilities in all major 17 cities of Europe had the same reason. But seeing the fact that only tourism isnt going to help a taxi like rent a car service model was implemented which allowed users to rent the car for as less as one hour and return it. This service was revolutionary and very much practical which targeted a daily use customer who was travelling within city. So slowly Easycar is stepping in all kind of services and offering to all kind of target market.

Current Situation and what the Future Holds

Rent a car industry
The rent a car industry has faced some problems and is semi integrated still ripe for consolidation and consist of different situation with every other country. Easycar which is spreading in more and more locations is becoming a very powerful part of it.

Rental industry as a total according to a study consists of two differentiated segments. One is the business segment that is not price sensitive and focuses entirely on satisfaction, luxury, convenience and flexibility. This segment of car renters comprises of about 35  55 of the total. While the rest of the Renters are usually the Tourists and leisure oriented within city travelers that comprise of about 45  65 of the total. These people are extremely price sensitive and want the best for the lowest cost.

How Easycar has evolved and changed
Easycar started its services in 2000, using the success of Easyjet it opened locations near airports where Easyjet was already a big hit. This gave it the momentum it needed to get going. In the beginning the fleet only consisted of A class Mercedes. This was a problem for some people as they wanted variety especially the business people who wanted luxury and bigger cars. But as far as my analysis goes in the beginning it was all about Tourists for Easycar which later changed as today Easycar offer variety of cars, luxury vehicles and even Vans and other facilities as it has expanded its market to various different target markets which includes luxury cars as explained before for business segment etc.

The fleet was always kept up to date and prices kept at the lower possible rate. At the beginning a car could be rented at 15 Euros a day with one time preparation fee of 8 Euros. Although people did say that it had some hidden fee and had problems with the legal considerations taken but it has all changed as Easycar has listed all prices and costs down for their customers in a very detailed manner so no problem would come up for the customer and they would be satisfied with their buy.

Easycar is now focusing on businesses and locations in different places. It has also brought out low cost vehicles so as to focus on all kind of segments and populations. So overall Easycar has changed a lot and so has Easygroup. They are more and more trying to penetrate into as many markets as possible and bring in as much variations and differentiators as possible.

Easygroup and its massive Extensions
As we already saw from the vision and mission of Easygroup it has wanted to be a force to be reckoned with. But its massive expansion and untimely increases of touch point with customers is decreasing its importance as a rule of branding says that the more things your brand is associated with the less its retention and mindshare is with the customer and target. A simple example would be the launch of EasyInternetCafe. EasyInternet was much less successful rather I would call it a failure for company running such big ventures because it had less thought process put into it. It had a less strategic thinking put in and the business was much different than the core businesses as at that time they were completely related with transport. Also another big reason for the bad performance was a changing trend. Internet was available in each and every home and was not something that people were interested to use outside. Also another big reason for it being less successful is that trends have changed people cannot live without internet, it is available within phones through edge and 3g technologies and also it is no more a commodity rather a necessity. The changing trends and attitudes of people were the main reason for its less successful stance. Question 9

So concluding we can say that Currently Easycar is in good hands it is going great and if it goes so it can have a good future. Trends are changing and they need to be followed. Easycar needs to keep itself as the cost leader and also introduce as many new initiatives as possible to provide better service, products and facilities and also lower the costs in these rising inflationary times. Differentiation and variety will help it a lot in achieving these motives. Easycar is a demand driven business that keeps its margins not in zero or negative but positive as the margin although low is kept positive and it varies with the demand and supply. This is a great feature as it lets it reduce it costs and also remain competitive and sustainable. Today is a difficult time as economy goes down and recessionary inflation is talk of the time. Easycar can easily sustain rather it can make more profits as it is difficult for people to buy cars as they are in saving mode. Using this trend in advertising campaigns and to attract customers it can come up with a low cost strategy that provides customers with an easypay or easyloan service as well i.e. lend them money and allow them to rent the car in monthly payments or with lower pay rates. It is very much evident that If the costs are kept low people would use the Rent a car service of Easycar and not buy cars till the economy get betters. So I think that there is nothing to worry about in todays time for Easycar and Easygroup.

Recommendations for the future

Try to consolidate by acquiring other companies and making strategies to completely dish them out of the competition by hostile takeovers or being so competitive and keeping such low Margins that people dont use other service providers. These strategies need to be followed to increase the share and become the biggest player in the industry.

Curb the Expansionary strategy of Easygroup as recession may hit the company bad which would make the other brands like Easyjet and Easycar suffer as a whole. Hampering the already low Advertising budget.
Care should be employed in using the Easy brand as today people are in suspended disbelief and dont know what it stands for.

More differentiation should be brought into the service with luxury cars offered so as to bring in the Luxury Business segment.

Merge the services of Easycar and Easyjet as much as possible for example giving the customers and tourists an option to use Easyjet and also book a car with Easycar at discounted rate. Another great way of promoting both these services is keeping free miles for flying frequently with Easyjet. This will make a conglomerate of companies that vertically integrates and offer as much value added services as possible. This strategy would increase the touch point with customers and make Easyjet or Easycar the preferred service for people. It would also make the future much safer for the companies and their management.

Much more needs to be spent on Branding and marketing of the products so as to create more awareness by educating the employees through integrated and brand based marketing. When employees know the core and feature of the marketing plan it would result in more efficient messaging between the company and the target market.

Focus on the core businesses and pull the plug on the businesses that are an expansion so remote that does not make sense. Also dieing brands and services that are nothing but a loss for example the Internet business need to be eliminated.

Cost cutting strategies and just in time inventory management principle need to be employed in the business of renting out cars and managing parking spaces and lots by using intelligent and advanced information management systems.

The biggest recommendation from my side is that recession is here and as far as product expansion is concerned Easygroup should control itself and tighten its economic and financial controls. They need to focus on its core business and not expand or bring new services rather for the future I recommend that they should reduce their Businesses or variations so as to get some solid Associations for their Brand and become more efficient in the overall future.

Stelios used his passion for working and becoming an Entrepreneur. He had a good knowledge base and experience from the launch of Easyjet and he diverted his thought process and educated experiences which he got from the launch of Easyjet and some that he learnt from his father to the setting up of this business. Easycar was a good success because Stelios and team had good experience with these kinds of businesses due to the portfolio of business that they had planned and Easyjet was a big one which gave them the authority to say that they knew what to do. Stelios has today brought Easygroup of companies to a stage where less companies get the chance to and he should not lose it by spreading all over the place without thinking. It is the right time for Easycar and Easy group to consider and concentrate on what already has started and use this recession for their benefit by bring low cost services and build their brand by effective activation and marketing so as to build association with the Customer whenever and wherever possible in the most efficient and cost effective manner.

ANALYSIS OF VISION STATEMENTS OF DIFFERENT COMPANIES

Vision StatementEffective ElementsShortcomingsWells Fargo

Rank 5

We want to satisfy all of our customers financial needs, help them succeed financially, be the premier provider of financial services in every one of our markets, and be known as one of Americas great companies.

Easy to Communicate (despite the lack of apparent focus and distinction, the concept and services offered can be easily explained in ten minutes)Not distinctive (does not set this company apart from competitors)
Vague or Incomplete (doesnt say what kind of products they are going into it could apply to any company in the industry)

Too Broad (this vision statement can apply to any company in the finance industry)
Bland and uninspiring (the words do not showcase the necessary passion, and the word great is relatively superlative in nature

Others
(Verbose  uses the word financialfinancially too many times within the same sentence)
(uses incorrect English  it says one of Americas great instead of greatest)Hilton Hotels Corporation

Rank 3

Our vision is to be the first choice of the worlds travelers. Hilton intends to build on the rich heritage and strength of our brands by
Consistently delighting our customers
Investing in our team members
Delivering innovative products and services
Continuously improving performance
Increasing shareholder value
Creating a culture of pride
Strengthening the loyalty of our constituents
Focused (Is specific enough to provide managers with guidance in making decisions and allocating resources)
Graphic (the vision statement paints a picture of the kind of company that management is trying to create and the market positions the company is striving to stake out)
Directional (Is forward-looking describes the strategic course that management has charted and the kinds of productmarketcustomertechnology changes that will help the company prepare for the future)
Feasible (the goals set here are achievable)
Desirable (after looking at this vision statement, its employees and any other audience would take a liking to the plans implied by it)
Easy to Communicate (can be explained in ten minutes)It is slightly Not forward-looking in the sense that despite the fact that it states where it wants to be (graphic element), it fails to mention the time span or deadline that it is allowing itself to reach that place. This time span or deadline is a major component of the
Vision Statement.

However, the main shortcoming of this Vision Statement is that it sounds more like a Mission statement, which by definition is a declaration of the general objectives and principles of operation of an organization (en.wictionary.org). According to this definition then, the Hilton Hotels Vision Statement looks like a Mission Statement.The Dental Products Division of 3M Corporation

Rank 4
Become THE supplier of choice to the global dental professional markets, providing world-class quality and innovative products.

Note All employees of the division wear badges bearing these words, and whenever a new product or business procedure is being considered, management asks, Is this representative of THE leading dental company
Graphic (the vision statement slightly paints a picture of the kind of company that management is trying to create and the market positions the company is striving to stake out)
Feasible (after it is explained a little, it is clear that the goals set here are achievable)
Desirable (deriving from the above effective element, the results of the goals set in this vision statement are desirable)
(Thompson, Strickland,  Gamble).
Not distinctive (does not set this company apart from competitors)
Vague or Incomplete (doesnt say what kind of products they are going into it could apply to any company in the industry)
Too Broad (this vision statement can apply to any company in the finance industry)
Too reliant on superlatives (the use of the word the in capital letters does not imply much more than self-labeling with cool sounding words)
Not forward-looking (the statement fails to indicate whether the management intends to alter the companys current productmarket customertechnology focus or not, and how if the intension stands)H.J. Heinz Company

Rank 2

Be the worlds premier food company, offering nutritious, superior tasting foods to people everywhere. Being the premier food company does not mean being the biggest but it does mean being the best in terms of consumer value, customer service, employee talent, and consistent and predictable growth.
(Distinctive) (it is capable of informing readers of what it is aiming at exactly)
Graphic (the vision statement paints a picture of the kind of company that management is trying to create and the market positions the company is striving to stake out)
Flexible (the vision statement depicts flexibility in the nature of the business)
Feasible (the goals set here are achievable)
Desirable (the results of the goals set in this vision statement are desirable)
Easy to Communicate (the idea can be explained completely though precisely in ten minutes)Not forward looking (the vision statement missed out on the time factor  it fails to mention the number of years it plans to take in order to reach its vision, so in that sense, the Vision Statement is sort of incomplete).Chevron

Rank 1

To be the global energy company most admired for its people, partnership and performance. Our vision means we
provide energy products vital to sustainable economic progress and human development throughout the world
are people and an organization with superior capabilities and commitment
are the partner of choice
deliver world-class performance
Earn the admiration of all our stakeholdersinvestors, customers, host governments, local communities and our employeesnot only for the goals we achieve but how we achieve them.
Focused (Is specific enough to provide managers with guidance in making decisions and allocating resources)
Graphic (Paints a picture of the kind of company that management is trying to create and the market position(s) the company is striving to stake out)
Directional (Is forward-looking describes the strategic course that management has charted and the kinds of productmarketcustomertechnology changes that will help the company prepare for the future)
Flexible (Is not a once-and-for-all-time statementthe directional course that management has charted may have to be adjusted as productmarketcustomertechnology circumstances change)
Feasible (Is within the realm of what the company can reasonably expect to achieve in due time)
Desirable (Indicates why the direction makes good business sense and is in the long-term interests of stakeholders, especially shareowners, employees, and customers)
Easy to Communicate (does not even need extra ten minutes to explain itself  can be reduced to a simple and memorable short slogan such as the global energy company)Although the list of shortcomings does not list this one, I would like to point out here that the main shortcoming of this Vision Statement is that it sounds more like a Mission statement, which by definition is a declaration of the general objectives and principles of operation of an organization (en.wictionary.org). According to this definition then, the Chevron Vision Statement looks like a Mission Statement.

Not forward looking (the vision statement missed out on the time factor  it fails to mention the number of years it plans to take in order to reach its vision, so in that sense, the Vision Statement is sort of incomplete).
1. In the paper you said that the main shortcoming of this Vision Statement is that it sounds more like a Mission statement, which by definition is supposed to provide answers to How are we going to get where we have envisioned ourselves to be in the next few years Could you please tell me as to what this definition refers To mission statement To vision statement If it refers to mission statement, then it is wrong. If it refers to vision statement, then I do not see how this supports your answer that the vision statement sounds more like a mission statement. Could you please elaborate on that

In answer to this Please see the yellow highlighted part alongside the Hilton Hotels Vision Statement. I looked up the definition of mission statement elsewhere, and recalled that timeline is an important part of the vision statement. There shouldbe no contradiction now.

2. Wells Fargo has only one effective element in its list, yet it ranks higher than the Dental Products Division of 3M Corporation, which has not one but 3 effective elements. Why Could you please give me an explanation to that, too

In answer to this I have re-evaluated the vision statements before ranking them all over again. I have re-evaluated them on the basis of the number of effective elements and shortcomings that each of them has, in the following way
Number of Effective Elements
- Number of Shortcomings
 a, b, c, d, e (one for each vision statement).

These letters a to e represent the value of each vision statement and the higher the value, higher the rank.
However, in this case, Hienz and Chevron were both getting the same score, so I evaluated them further on the basis of how many resources they have included in their vision statements (Chevron has talked about 9 areas of life being touched by their business people, partnership, performance. human development, and all stakeholdersinvestors, customers, host governments, local communities and our employees, while Hienz has talked about 5 aspects related to their business people, consumer value, customer service, employee talent, and consistent and predictable growth. Therefore, Chevron in my opinion ranks higher than Hienz in Vision Statement rankings).

Your third requirement, The Rankings are as follows
1. Chevron (Effective Elements  Shortcomings  5)
2. H. J. Hienz (Effective Elements  Shortcomings  5)
3. Hilton Hotels (Effective Elements  Shortcomings  3)
4. The Dental Products Division of 3M Corporation (Effective Elements  Shortcomings  -2)
5. Wells Fargo (Effective Elements  Shortcomings  -6)

Here, I would also like to point out that previously, I was of the opinion that the Vision Statement of Chevron fails to mention where it wants to be in the next decade or so. However, I am surprised as to how I could say that since the first thing they say is that they want to be the global energy company. Therefore, I have changed that shortcoming to the other point that I feel strongly about the fact that in all the vision statements fail to mention their timeline to achieve their goal.

WORLD OF DISNEY

The Walt Disney Company was found in 1923 by Walter Elias Disney after he had made a short film called Alices Wonderland about a little girl in a cartoon world. He contracted M.J Winkler, a New York Distributor, to help release the series. In 1927, he started releasing all-cartoon series and down the line, he designed a mouse that his wife gave him the name Mickey. Through the years, Disney characters were developed and received too much publicity and worn awards. Walt Disney then thought of developing amusement parks as he had visited several zoos and parks with his children and he felt they lacked something. This led to the development of Disneyland and after years of planning, a new park was constructed in July 17, 1955 in Anaheim California. This investment was a success and plans to expand to other areas were ignited. This saw the establishment of Disneyland in Florida, Paris, China, Japan and other areas. It should be noted that not all these other investments were a success. This paper compares the approaches the company used in the Japanese and French markets, the reasons why the marketing plan used in France was not successful and analysis of the Chief Executive Salvation plan. It also touches on the current trends of Disneyland in Paris, Tokyo and Hong Kong.

Disney investments in other regions had proved to be successful when they made a decision to invest in Paris. As such, they made little consultations and proper groundwork before they launched EuroDisney. The management also believed in themselves as from the time they came on board, they had increased the revenues of the company from 1 billion to 8.5 billion (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 613). They decided to build and operate EuroDisney the American style. The cost of construction of the park was initially estimated at 2.37 billion. Since Disney emphasized on size and glitz, more details were built into EuroDisney. Examples are the centerpiece castle that was made bigger in the Magic Kingdom and expensive trams built to take visitors from the hotels to the park (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 612). These increased the cost of construction by another 340 million. Furthermore, the company did all the designing and construction all by itself instead of partnering with other companies to share the risks. Another mistake made by the company is the failure to incorporate the Frenchs culture in the operation of the park and the services it offered. They banned alcohol in the park known to be part of the French culture they are the worlds biggest consumers of wine and a meal without the un verre de rouge is unthinkable (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg.613). On top of this was the personal grooming of the cast members, mens facial hair was a taboo and was supposed to be clean-shaven so as to maintain a neat and tidy look. These are what made the park to be make loses as the attendance by the French tourists was poor. They saw the park as a form of Americas imperialism. It even saw the park receive criticism from famous people like the Paris Theatre Director, Ariane Mnouchkine, who described the park as a cultural Chernobyl. Michael Eisner was also pelted with eggs by a communist in protesting about the park. Disneys other failure was the wrongful projection of the income to be reaped from EuroDisney and mistaken assumptions. It expected to attract 11million visitors which would enable the company generate over 100million but this was not the case as by summer 1994 it had lost about 900million. The reason for this was the onset of unforeseen circumstances the transatlantic airfare wars which resulted in cheaper trips to Disney World in Orlando (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 612). Others were the European recession of the late 1980s, Gulf war in 1991, high interest rates and the devaluation of the France currency. The lack of information made EuroDisney to design and built a 350-seat restaurant in some of their hotels which put them in problems as they received as high as 2500 people in the morning for breakfast. Most of the visits lasted for two days unlike the three-day visits they were used to and people spend less than 33 as expected. All these led to the losses that were made by EuroDisney during its first years of operation.    

On the contrary, Disneyland moving to Japan was received with much attention as Japanese had much attachment to Disney characters. It was the first theme park to open outside the United States .They had always wanted to capture what they called the ultimate U.S experience (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 614). Disneyland in the U.S only had to be taken and transplanted in Japan.

The plan used in the marketing of EuroDisney has not been all a success because of a number of reasons. Moving to France was based on its strategic nature in terms of accessibility and the fact that most nationalities prefer visiting the country. More than 310 million people could access the place at the time by flight and another 17 million by car only within two hours. This was supposed to result in a larger number of people visiting the site. However, unforeseen airfare competition saw people opt for Disney World in Orlando which was enjoying a longer favorable weather and good beaches within reach (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 612). The park also received competition from World fair in Seville and the Olympic Games held in Barcelona in 1992(Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 613). The two were major attractions of the European tourists. Another cause of the failure was the Disney characters included in the park they were not so attractive to the French. They have their own lovable cartoon characters such as asterix, the helmeted and the pint-sized Gallie warrior and to further impact negatively on the park, they were found in a theme park located near EuroDisney. The advertisements posted by the company also hampered their value. Instead of relaying what they offered in terms of variety of rides and attractions, they laid emphasis on the size of the park and glitz. Another effort by the company to woe more visitors, is the cutting down of its rates by up to 25  in two hotels and the provision of cheaper meals. In fact, it was the cheapest hotel in terms of accommodation rates it ranged from 110 to 380 while the rest top hotels in France cost between 340 and 380, yet the park still received the least number of tourists. This shows that the company didnt offer what the people preferred. The varying customs in terms of visiting the park was also not taken consideration by the company. The August holiday visits were too long than expected they had expected that the visits would change to the American style they were used to short and more frequent, but the offices and factories still remained closed during this period. For EuroDisney to have been successful in its marketing, it ought to have taken all these into consideration.

Philippe Bouguignon took over the leadership of EuroDisney in 1993 as the CEO (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 613) and revised the marketing strategies. He started targeting different markets separately by opening marketing offices in different countries. A variety of indigenous food was also offered and the seating places covered to shelter against the rain. The reception was also customized as the park received people from different cultures. The park was also expanded to include Walt Disney Studios Theme Parks. All these changes forced the company spent more than 1.4 billion. Note that at the time, the company had just recovered and it needed time to stabilize. Most of the benefits that was expected to be realized from the expansion failed as most of these investments had flopped. This saw the company on the verge of bankruptcy again in 2005 (Cateora and Graham, 2006, pg. 614). The France government had to inject 500million to put it back on operation.

Currently, Disneyland Paris is experiencing an increases park attendance and creates up to 43,000 jobs. Though the theme park was a failure at the beginning, nowadays the whole situation is turning around and some level of success has been achieved. Disneyland Tokyo was a success from the beginning and it has remained that way. The introduction of the theme parks further boosted the number of visitors it receives to over 25million a year. Hong Kong Disneyland has not been left back either.

Understanding the scenario of Bankruptcy and Recovery

Radjou (2009) explained that recession is one of the major reasons which has made to think about their business operations again. Companies are shifting their operations to developing economies specifically Brazil, India and China. There is no more western-centric innovation strategy and they are trying to utilize emergent economies for their RD (research and development functions). According to Mahroum (2008) recession should be considered as an opportunity due to which companies are trying to become more efficient, lower wastages and they are trying to renovate their business with the help of reengineering and technological influences. Different issues like downsizing, capital spending, share price, government regulations and political influence should be considered.
         
According to Becker, Davis and Murphy (2010) the prevailing recession is less severe as compare to the recession in 1973-1975 and 1981-1982. However the nations as well as corporations adopted pessimistic approach as compare to optimistic approach and the recovery seems too much slower. In 1982 although the unemployment rate reached to 10.8 even then the next year confirmed with the growth rate of 7.7. In recent scenario the GDP just grew by 2.2 even in the third quarter and it seems difficult to guard from the recession. The major reason for recession include bail-out programs due to which federal government has provided unlimited funds to assist financial institutions due to which most of the bankers and venture capitalist have lost confidence in them. Similarly household found an increase in home prices, overextended debts and an increase in unemployment. Another reason for recession highlight the role of Bush government which extensively aided companies like General Motors, Chrysler and banking sector however just after that Obama presidency has brought drastic changes in tax structure and government spending. They formulated a package of 800 billion to reduce the impact of recession but major portion was allocated towards education, energy and health sector. Tax rate was further increased on higher incomes which have discouraged investment in different businesses. One research shows that only 7 of the small and medium enterprises suppose to expand their business in the next few months. One research reveals that only 8 of SMEs provided job opening due to the effect of the recession. Investment has further decreased by 20 as compared to previous year. According to Michigan survey about 37 of the household has delayed their purchase decision because of recession and fear of uncertainty about job availability and income.    

Target Inc

Target Corporation was founded in Minneapolis in 1902 by the name of Dayton Dry Goods Company. It opened its first store in Roseville in 1962. It is regarded as the second largest discount store in United States. It is positioned as 28 among the Fortune 500 companies. It deals in both hard lines and soft lines along with grocery stores. It has 351, 000 employees working in different countries for the business (Target 2009).

CIT Group
         
CIT which is an abbreviation for commercial investment trust operates in 50 different countries while providing its services to 30 different industries. It deals in corporate, trade, transportation and vendor financing businesses. It was established in 1908 and is one of the 500 fortune companies. The head office is in New York City and employees more than 7, 300 employees working in Asian and European countries specifically in North America. It provides its services to SMEs (small and medium enterprises) and medium markets. The business prime focus is towards the relationship, intellectual and financial capital (CIT 2009).

General Motors
       
According to General Motor (2009) the business is considered as one of the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. It was established in 1908 with its headquarter in Detroit. Today the business operates in 140 countries comprising of 235, 000 employees. It has manufacturing plants in 34 countries from where different brands are being sold worldwide. The major market lies in United States which is accompanied by China, Brazil, United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and Canada. The General Motor Company started its business of General Motor Corporation in July 2009. Previously General Motor Corporation was operating all business operations. The business opted for technological collaborations with Suzuki motors, Isuzu motors, Daimler, Toyota, Chrysler and BMV. It sold 8.35 million of products under the name of different brands in 2008. OnStar is it subsidiary which provides information related to vehicle security and safety.  

Understanding the scenario of Bankruptcy and Recovery

Target Inc
         
Gregory (2009) acknowledged that economic downturn is one the major issue that had strained individuals to look for inexpensive products. Consumers search for merchandize products and foods items at suitable prices and Target Inc. is one of the options for them. However the company is faced with critical tribulations throughout its business operations. There are merchandizing companies which are even providing superior grocery products as compare to Target Inc. The annual revenue of Wal-Mart valued 406 billion against 65 billion of Target Inc. Even then the company has performed outclass with the growth rate of 4.6 as compare to 2.9 of Wal-Mart. In 2008 the company faced decrease in sales by 2.6 for consecutive 8 months due to recession. On the other hand Wal-Mart improved by 5.1. In 2008 its profit decreased by 22.3 and amounted 2.2 billion. Davidowitz and associates believes that it might be due to two major reasons. Target Inc. uses 45 of the in-store placement for apparels and allocates less than 20 of the area for its food and health products. ARG (Americas Research Group) found that customers associate Target Inc. with the apparel sector and believes that its grocery items are overcharged. Another issue is related to the credit business of the company. As in the recession consumers were faced with mortgages and credit-card debt issues due to which consumers were reluctant to use retail card. The company found a decrease in its credit-card business profit by 80.5 to 155 million. Furthermore the business incurred the pre-tax loss of 135 million during its fourth quarter and 47 of its receivables were sold to JP Morgan costing 3.6 billion otherwise the firm would have faced the worst situations. The company is struggling to recover by focusing on mounting frequency and building loyalty. The major step includes the opening of distribution center for fast moving goods which will improve the quality as well as profit margin. They have renovated their merchandize stores and decided to open 75 stores in new locations. In grocery items they are trying to emphasize on freshness of products. Thirvent Financial believes that the business requires uphill struggle and it will not have an immediate effect. Nonetheless it seems difficult for the company to manage both merchandize as well as grocery products same while. Moreover if the business tries to decrease its products prices then Wal-Mart will response in a much eager way.
         
Mitchell (2008) highlighted that the companys earnings dropped by 34 in the third quarter of 2008. Due to the economic recession the business is trying to change its product mix through expanding its grocery and drugstore section.
         
Duff (2009) explained that the firm restructured and laid-off 9 of its head office workforce. They also closed one of their distribution centers by name of Little Rock Arc which resulted into the loss of 500 jobs. The turmoil resulted into

The delay in salary promotion of senior management.

The company repurchased its stock.

More focus was given to enhance the productivity of stores while spending reduced by 1 billion.

They further decrease their operating expenses, expenditures on travel and entertainment.
         
Shareholders have also obliged the top management to evaluate their business operation specially related to credit business. According to Mr. Steinhafel the retail stores are faced with difficult economic indicators and the company opted to lay-off its employees in order to remain competitive in the market arena. The company has changed its strategy for advertisement and is mainly visualizing inexpensive brands and trying to communicate factors like in-store saving to its potential customers.
         
Zimmerman (2009) stated that the company is forced by activist shareholders who believe that the company might not be able to overcome the economic issues. The management has come up with the concept of mini groceries in its discount stores.

CIT Group
         
Harford (2009) stated that in United States alone major focus is towards health care sector or towards the dilemma of war and terror. However growth is being given no attention. An increase in stock market value made the majority to sense that either recession is over or is just going to end. However a major slump in last month November in the stock market resulted in an opinion that the economy is in the recovery stage. Just after that it was found that CIT group which provides financial services to SMEs (small and medium enterprises) including the apparel industry might be filed for bankruptcy. According to United Kingdom this is one of the major downfalls for United States. It would create the issue of financing for SMEs and taxpayers will fail to avail the 2.3 billion amount which CIT group got through TARP program. Moreover powerful economists believe that recession is still going on and it will further get deepen. One of the prize winning economist Mr. Stiglitz believes that the situation would have been worsen however it just got saved because of Obamas stimulus package. Furthermore experts believe that in the current year unemployment will further increase and public spending will further cut down on social programs. In addition, bail-out programs will further increase which has raised the question of would government still be assisting huge business or they will be providing direct aid to the working class to eradicate or lessen poverty. Chasan (2009) acknowledged that the business opted for the reorganizational plan and went to court for the approval. In this plan it has been highlighted that the business will reduce its debt of worth 10 billion. It was only possible because the company made bondholders agree on the minimum amount on the basis of bankruptcy law. In addition the business has been pressurized to solve the issue as it will create a negative impact for its potential competitors. According to BBC News (2009) the company case was the fifth largest one to be filed under bankruptcy. The company has decided to went through restructuring.
       
Times of India (2009) wrote that the only reason company got saved is only due to bail-out program in which it got an emergency loan of 4.5 billion dollars. However due to the prevalent home mortgage crisis the debt-exchange plan could be applicable for a longer term. It has received the major support from its debt-holders. The worst analysis reveals the comparison of 71 assets against the liability of 65 Billion. The business operates on the basis of confidence and trust which it has built for decades among its customers and prime creditors. Harrison (2009) acknowledged that it went through an agreement with Goldman Sachs in which it agreed to reduce the loan of 3 Billion to 2.13 billion. Carl Icahn has also provided a 1 billion for the purpose of backup financing. Obamas government is also under severe conditions as it has helped mammoth corporations leaving behind SMEs and if CIT group goes under similar situations as in the case of Lehman brothers then Obama politics might be considered as incompetent and they would again be concluding with the bail-out program with the same answer to the taxpayers that they again save the mega structure.  Nonetheless if the business would have unfortunately gone to bankruptcy then the result would be a loss of tons of assets in terms of both political and financial perspectives.  Indian Express (2009) described that major companies like General motors, WorldCom, Lehman Brothers, Washington Mutual and CIT which went through bankruptcy scenario were accompanied with worth of billions of dollars of assets and major weaknesses which ended into a mishap was due to management strategic decision making concept.  
         
According to Reuters (2009) the stock price of CIT group drop by 61 to 28 cents and the New York Stock Exchange decided to hang up trading for the CIT business. Moreover recession would have a depressing affect and if the business face bankruptcy then there would be lots of layoffs and major businesses like non-recourse factoring, lending operating and asset-based loans will be facing the downturn.

General Motors
         
Stewart (2009) explained that General Motors was just to die during World War I when the demand for automobiles fell down and the only thing which rescued the business was emergency fund and going through the process restructuring. At that time JP Morgan and DuPont cooperated with the business and it just recovered outstandingly. The loans were repaid with bonuses and there was low financial risk. In 1980s the focus shifted from owner to the bureaucrat who were provided incentives as well as value. This took the turn and again the business was seen under crisis and they opted for the strategy of retirement benefits in order to keep the wages low. Moreover inadequate capital investment without understand and evaluating cost of equity showed negative consequences on value although they kept EPS high. Managers were just in the favor of spending as much as possible and recently they came across the mayhem. Would General Motors be able to recover from the economic downturn The company decided to layoff 120, 000 employees within a decade. Its market share reduced from 52 to 35. The North American Division faced the loss of 7.1 Billion in the previous year. Furthermore the business took loan of 5 billion to cover its operating expenses last year. In additional the company faced with critical issues in formulating the top-down style of management.
         
Jones (2009) enunciated that due to extensive curtailment the company was in the severe need for funds. President Bush aided with 13 billion for the restructuring plan. President Obama also focused on the bail-out programs towards General Motors. It further requested for 11.6 billion loan from Federal Reserve. Till 2010 the company has decided to shutdown 40 of its dealers operating in United States. According to Welch (2009) due to static credit market General Motors faced the economic downturn. The federal government took over the control and president Obama aided the business with 30.1 billion while favoring to restructure the business. Experts believe that the business has the potential to regain its competitive position along with profitability. The business has decided to use 4 brands instead of 8 brands to sell its cars comprising of Buick, GMC, Chevrolet and Cadillac. However all other brands will be liquidated while Pontiac will shut down The government has decided to hold 60 of the shares of the new company in order to absolve the issue however they have extended the loan of about 9 billion. Similarly the government of Canada will provide 9.5 billion loan and in return they will hold 12 of the shares of the company and the company has to pay back the loan of 1.7 billion. It stocks price is less than 1 billion and in order to achieve the sustainable level the stock price should increase to 69 billion. The business is trying to recover as much as they can. The business has decided to reduce health care expenditures for its employees and will provide medical benefits similar to pension funds. Due to recession the demand has decreased for trucks and the demand for SUV line seems increasing. The company faced the loss of about 15.5 billion i.e. 27.33 per share however the price of the share amounted 10.69.
         
Welch (2009) said that the General Motors recovery plan reveals that it will take two years for the business to come out from the impact and it will be able to pay the required amount back to the tax payers till 2014. These statistics were based on the figure that domestically car purchasing will increase to 18.3 million on annual basis till the year 2014. However Chrysler has forecasted that the overall sales will not increase more than 13 million till 2014 and if this situation arises then GM will not be able to pay to the tax payers and it will be requiring further aid of 30 billion.  GM has further highlighted that its market share will reduce from 21.1 to 19.1 till 2014. It further acknowledged that if the stock markets conditions do not improve then the business will need further 12 billion to add in its pension fund till 2014 and more borrowing will result into decreasing the budget for new product development and formulating marketing plans. Stoll, Terlep and Kellogg (2009) instigated that GM had decided to sell its Saturn brand till 2011 and 47, 000 employees will be laid-off leaving with 200, 000 employees worldwide.
       
After going through brief analyses it can be concluded that government intervention plays a prime role in case of bankruptcy. It requires strategic decision making and companies need to restructure their entire business functions. Moreover it might take a decade to recover and achieve the similar position as it was previously therefore it requires consistency along with proper management throughout the operations. Companies in developed economies have understood the importance of risk management. The primary concern for global corporations and MNCs include risk evaluation, developing contingency plans, reducing cost on continuous basis, focusing on core business operations and understanding uncertainty factors in the long run.    
         
According to BCG as well as McKinsey all major industries were affected due to the recession in the year 2000 and only 10 were able to achieve the successful position after 5 years. Furthermore 15 of todays leading companies were also performing astonishingly during recession. It has been found that major companies like Proctor and Gamble, General Electric and Kellogg surpassed leaders and became benchmark for other. They even established value-for-money strategies during depression and focused on building long term customer relationship. For global corporation the alternative during recession should be to gain an insight of emerging industries in which they can perform cost effectively (Williamson and Zeng 2009).

Corporate Governance

Corporate governance refers to a set of policies, processes, institutions, customs and laws that affect the administration, control and direction of corporations. Corporate governance also encompasses the relationship that exists between the various stakeholders and also the goals governing a corporation or a company. The major stakeholders of corporations include the shareholders, board of directors and the management. Others include the customers, employees, regulators, suppliers, the community and the creditors. The subject of corporate governance is multi faceted with the most vital corporate governance theme being to enhance and maintain accountability of key people within a company via a mechanism that seeks to reduce principal-agent related problems (Kendall, 1999).

The concept of corporate governance has been of interest in the modern corporations practices especially due to the increasing collapse of major corporations around the world. Most of these failures and collapse of large international and multinational firms has been attributed to lack of good corporate governance practices and this has led to the formulations of different laws and policies by the governments with an aim of ensuring good business practices or corporate governance is maintained. The United States is one of the countries that have been affected negatively by lack of good corporate governance evidenced by collapse of big companies such as WorldCom Inc and Enron which in turn led to the formulation of the Sarbanes Oxley Act in the year 2002 (COLE, 2004). Canada has also been struggling with the issue of corporate governance for a long time with corporate scandals in companies such as Hollinger, Bre-X and Nortel being experienced. Corporate governance practices dictate the performance of an organization hence affecting the overall performance of a nation. Each country has its own corporate governance laws, policies, standards and procedures that each corporation is expected to follow while carrying out its businesses (Gopalsamy, 2006).
A comparison of corporate governance of the United States and that of Canada

In the recent past, corporate governance issues have taken a center stage in both the United States and in Canada. However, the compliance and standards of corporate governance employed by these two countries vary significantly. In the United States for example, stringent rules, regulations and practices that target the board of directors, auditing and accounting profession and top managers have been implemented following the formulations of the Sarbanes Oxley Act passage with non compliance to the rules and practices attracting steep penalties (Glassman, 2006). In Canada on the other hand, the countrys response has been more of a fragmented and reactive stance with no concerted or unified efforts aimed at regulatory enforcement strengthening. Different arguments have been put forward by different authors assessing the corporate governance of these two countries. Some analysts argue that formulation of the Sarbanes Oxley Act has acted as a catalyst to the highly required reforms in corporate governance to increase compliance. Those assessing the corporate governance of Canada assert that Canadian regulators have been unable to formulate new corporate governance rules owing to the fact that Canadas system is highly fragmented. Unlike in the United States where corporate scandals are highly scrutinized by the government and regulators, most of the scandals involving Canadian corporations are subjected to or given minimum attention in their country, a factor attributed to lack of effective reforms in corporate governance rules and policies in this country (McLuhan, 2006).

Corporate governance in the United States
Corporate governance is regulated by the Sarbanes Oxley Act passed in the year 2002. This act applies to all states alongside the corporate governance requirements of each state. In the United States, the shareholders, board of directors and the top management forms the hierarchy of corporate decision making with the bottom most part of the hierarchy being held by the management although most chief executive officers of most corporations in the United States tend to ignore this fact. However, the management is charged with the role of making most of the vital decisions in a corporation including formulation of business strategies as well as their implementation. The management also has a responsibility of overseeing all the daily operations and running of an entity (Campbell  Woodley, 2004). Board of directors occupies the second place in the corporate governance in the United States corporations. Its main role is to give directions to the management, to safeguard the shareholders interests and to preserve the assets of a corporation. Two major fiduciary roles are entrusted to the board of directors duties of loyalty and care. The care duty asserts that which undertaking their duties, members of the board must exercise similar care to the one a prudent and ordinary person would exhibit if subjected to similar situations or if under such circumstances (Glassman, 2006).

The loyalty duty demands that the members of the board act in corporations best interest and in good faith. These duties are also owed to the shareholders and not the management of the corporation or other stakeholders including the employees and the customers. These duties are also subjected to corporations having controlling shareholders. Some of the other duties of the board of directors include choosing the CEO, setting his compensation, making decisions on whether to issue dividends or not, giving authorization of securities issuance, and discouraging or recommending shareholders actions including acquisition and merger proposals. The board of directors has the right to delegate some of the above functions to board committees, for example the compensation committee or audit committee (Berghe  Ridder, 1999). Such committees are usually board members subset. Shareholders occupy the highest rank in the hierarchy in the United States. They have a voice in corporate matters deemed vital such as directors elections and corporations chapter amendment. They also have a voting right on the issue of security issuance authorization and in approving the sales of assets of a corporation that are substantial. Shareholders also have to be consulted before undertaking acquisitions or mergers (Mntysaari, 2005).

As mentioned earlier, corporate governance in the United States is regulated by the Sarbanes Oxley act which became law in the year 2002.  The provisions of this act target the auditing profession with more emphasis of financial and accounting reporting of all public companies, the board members and the top management. The CEO and CFO or the chief financial officers of all public companies are under this act necessitated to certify that all the financial reports of a corporation are accurate and that they reflect the financial conditions of that firm (Roberts, Weetman  Gordon, 2008). Any falsification of such information amounts to criminal activities thus subjected to criminal law. The executives are also prevented by this law from being granted loans by the same corporations they work for. Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act requires the management (managers) to annually review the financial control of a corporation and to certify their adequacy. Public accounting firms and the board of directors have also been affected by the Sarbanes Oxley act (Holmstrom  Kaplan, 2003).

The major aim of this act is to cut the link between outside auditors and the management hence improving transparency and reducing conflict of interest. The act also aims at providing an audit that is coordinated among all involved parties. As a result, it demands that the audit committee of the board must supervise the internal audits of a corporation and also take full responsibility of the relationship of the external auditors with the company. Audit committees also have to be purely made up of independent directors inclusive of one or more financial experts (Gray  Manson, 2007). On the other hand, public accounting firms have been restricted on undertaking consulting work for their audit clients. Their work for such clients has been confined to non audit work. Deloitte  Touche is the only public accounting firm that is authorized to carry out consulting work or practice currently. To oversee the the audit of public companies subject to security laws, the act established the public accounting oversight board. All corporations in the United States are required to comply with the stipulations of this act (Rezaee, 2007).

Security and exchange commission (SEC) in the United States also regulate the corporate governance in this country. However, it does not directly set directions for corporations but it is concerned with the information given to the investors by the corporations. It thus requires corporations to give accurate, full or fair disclosure of any information deemed material for making investment decisions. Such information includes the financial condition of a company, and the operating results. Standards of SEC are not imposed on issuers although they are also expected to disclosure of vital information to investors. SEC demands or fights for investors rights and demands continuous disclosure of major changes in an organization to the investors. The disclosure rules of SEC do not contradict with state rules and exchange listing rules or requirements but rather compliment such rules (Carleen et al, 2009).

Corporate governance in Canada
In Canada, corporations directors have various responsibilities not only to the shareholders but also the society especially with increasing scrutiny on corporate governance being experienced in the recent past. New security regulations have been implemented with an aim of increasing accountability of directors of corporations. Directors of corporations in Canada are charged with the role of monitoring the corporations activities and are held personally liable for the financial conditions of these corporations. The Canadian business corporations act (CBCA) is the one that governs the Canadian corporations and it outlines the various liabilities and duties that are imposed on the corporations directors (Hoskin, 2005). Despite the fact that provincial corporations legislation and CBCA are almost similar, major differences exists between statutes and provisions pertaining to treatment of directors. Due to these sharp differences, directors are required to seek counsel to make sure that they are aware of the corporation governing statutes imposing responsibilities on them. Corporate statutes are not imposed on corporations undertaking their businesses on regulated industries, for example in the banking industry. Most of the responsibilities imposed on the directors are similar across different industries although there are some specific responsibilities imposed by each industry on its directors (GOODMAN, 2002).

A directors duty in Canadian corporations is to the corporation one heads or directs. Some of the basic principles forming the foundation for such duties include good faith principles, accountability and stewardship. Common law requirements and requirements of the statutes only aim at creating the parameters of directors duty but they do not limit the principles flexibility.  The board of directors is charged with a stewardship role (Sussex Circle Inc, 2002). Corporation directors have a duty of supervision of the corporations management. Shareholders on the other hand have a right to vote and appoint directors of a company. They also have a right to re-elect, remove or refuse a re-election of directors they are not satisfied with. However, they rarely directly participate in the decision making process in the corporation and although the board may seek to know the shareholders views, they are not mandated to act according to the interests of the shareholders. Directors are also given full discretion on means of exercising powers in the best way they feel like with the only constraint being the law imposed on their power. However, directors are expected to act in good faith for the general good of a corporation and should also exercise skills, diligence and care as a prudent person would if subjected to the same circumstances. It is the sole responsibility of directors in Canada to make major decisions on behalf of their corporations. Managers are however not involved in the daily running of the business but they periodically monitor the progress of the top management comprising of the chief financial officer, chief operating officer and chief executive officer. The board of directors has a duty of appointing the officers and assessing their performance. The boards mandate varies across different corporations although directors in all corporations are held personally liable for mistakes and activities of the corporations (GOODMAN, 2002).

Following the introduction of Sarbanes Oxley act in the United States, Canada began to strengthen its corporate governance rules and to improve its standards. It tightened its audit and accounting professions and it also improved its financial reporting standards and adopted new corporate governance rules.  However, Canada is faced with a lot of barriers in implementing stringent rules and regulations pertaining to corporate governance. To begin with, the regulatory framework of the capital market and securities industry in Canada has some specific weaknesses. The regulators for example do not have the ability to implement the rules or to act mainly because the Canadian system is highly fragmented (Morck  Yeung, 2006). The system is made up of multiple territorial and provincial security regulators, federal and provincial laws, institutions of federal financial regulators and enforcement authorities that exist at the three government levels. This makes it difficult for reforms to be instituted in the corporate governance given the fact that the federal, provincial and territories are poorly coordinated and have no agency accountability. Also, as a result of the geographic concentration of Canadian markets and the small size, fragmentation has lowered the regulatory systems confidence and complicated the reform process. This is evidenced by the laxity exhibited by the Canadian government to counteract serious scandals of its corporations such as Hollinger, Bre-X and Nortel (McLuhan, 2006).

The criminal code in Canada contains several stipulations pertaining to corporate governance and in recent past, several amendments have been made to this code with an aim of restricting insider trading, imposing tougher criminal penalties for individuals convicted for various corporate crimes and to enable endorsement of whistle blowing in corporate sector. In the year 2003, the Canadian federal government set apart some funds that were meant for establishment of integrated market enforcement teams (McCahery, 2002). Despite the fact that the regulatory teams were established with a lot of enthusiasm, only three charges have been laid by these teams in over years and the three charges are only minor cases. Market timing trades abuses is one issue that attracted public attention in this country resulting in two regulatory bodies and OSC imposing settlements on five dealers and five managers of mutual funds respectively. Although the penalties imposed were substantial including penal amounts and restitution, no proceedings were initiated by the regulators on the real market timers or even all fund managers who were culpable (McLuhan, 2006). This is unlike the case of Enron and WorldCom Inc corporations scandals in the United States. Managers of these companies were taken to court and charged with all involved partners being involved in the prosecution process.
In Canada, the accounting bodies are allowed to regulate their own standards pertaining to this profession. In the year 1997, the Canadian Supreme Court passed a decision that has enabled the auditors to have increased immunity. This is not the case in the United States whereby self regulation is not allowed. In Canada, self regulation is highly prevalent an issue brought about by an oversight of new bodies such as the CPAB or the Canadian public accountability board, the accounting and assurance standards oversight council and the ASB or the accounting standards board (GOODMAN, 2002). The model of CPAB is per the stipulations of the PCAOB or the public company accounting oversight board that was established by the United States Sarbanes Oxley act with an aim of protecting the investors. However, its authority is relatively less extensive (Rezaee, 2007).

In Canada unlike in the United States, the country employs auditor standards that are independent and that in turn incorporates a framework of principle based system formulated by international federation of accountants. The other provisions of security and exchange commission as stipulated by the Sarbanes Act. Prior to participating in CPAB, the auditors of public companies in Canada have to comply with all the standards contained therein. In the year 2005, regulations of Canada business corporations act underwent amendments to allow Canadian companies with their securities registered with security and exchange commission to make their companies financial statement based on the general accepted accounting principles of the United States (McMillan Binch LLP, 2004).

In Canada, directors are held personally liable for mistakes and risks undertaken by corporations they direct. The business judgment rule differs significantly in the United States and in Canada as far as corporate governance is concerned. In Canada, business judgment rules demands that the actions of the directors be based on best of the corporation alone with less regard to the shareholders or even the creditors. In the United States on the other hand, directors are given a fiduciary duty of loyalty and care to shareholders (Du Plessis, McConvill  Bagaric, 2005). As such, their decisions must be in the best interests not of the corporation but rather of the shareholders who rank top in the corporate management hierarchy. The second difference between Canadian and the United States business judgment rule is that in the latter country, directors are protected by the law if decisions they take can be considered to be rational. This is not the case in Canadian corporate governance. The decisions of the directors ought to be reasonable, not rational. Rational decisions may amount to gross negligence in Canada laying liability on directors (McLuhan, 2006).

Corporate governance statutes, laws, policies and regulations in the United States and Canada differ significantly owing to the differences in economic systems in these two countries. Canada is highly fragmented with regional provisional and federal corporate governing agencies being loosely coordinated, in the United States the federal and state regulations pertaining to corporate governance tend to reinforce each other and are closely coordinated. While the United States acts on a rule based system, Canada employs a principle based system. Rules guide the corporate governance in the United States with various regulations and statutes overseeing that the rules are enforced. In Canada, corporate governance is founded on the principle of stewardship. This governs the directors actions as wells as the overall direction of a corporations. Also, unlike in the United States whereby accounting and audit firms are highly regulated by rules, different principles guide such firms in Canada.

Career Development Drawing Together Sales Personnel after a Merger

Job Analysis Information
As a result of the recent merger between InterClean and EnviroTech companies, the company has taken on a new strategic direction.  The company will no longer sell only cleaning products, but will also provide full service cleaning solutions for organizations in the health care industry.  As a midlevel sales manager, it is my responsibility to select new members for my sales team and create a development plan to help my team succeed with the companys new strategy.  The merger has brought together people who are familiar with performing similar yet markedly different sales techniques.  Although both companies were engaged in the cleaning industries, InterClean sales professionals are much more familiar with various cleaning products, while EnviroTech sales professionals are much more familiar with the diverse range of cleaning services.   By drawing on the talents of the professional salespeople of InterClean, who were able to successfully sell cleaning products, and the talents of the professional salespeople of EnviroTech, who were able to successfully sell full service cleaning to health care organizations, it is my responsibility to merge the knowledge base and goals into one comprehensive sales workforce system.

Workforce Planning System
The workforce planning system entails drawing together professionals from both companies to work together to make comprehensive cleaning product and service packages for sale to various industries.  It is my aim to bring together professionals from both companies to brainstorm the ways in which we can merge our existing skills to create new sales ideas and initiatives for entering new markets.  One of the basic ideas of the merger was to incorporate cleaning products and cleaning services into unique packages for sale to industries requiring high quality cleaning supplies and cleaning personnel from our company.  In bringing together sales associates from both companies, compiling the sales knowledge of both spheres of business in regard to cleaning products and cleaning services sales expertise, there will be a marked increase in ability of the company to market high quality and comprehensive cleaning packages to various industries.  The development plan of the company should focus on maximizing cleaning product sales in conjunction with cleaning services within a broad range of industries, including health care organizations.  While the company is glad to have associates who are familiar with sales of cleaning services to health care organizations, the new goal is to be open to entering new markets and providing cleaning products and services to a wide range of industries.  It is essential for equal numbers of highly accomplished sales personnel from both companies to work together in formulating a new plan for marketing cleaning products and services to diverse organizations.

Selection Method Advantages and Disadvantages
In selecting sales personnel from both companies to be the new sales team for the new company, it is important that the most talented and knowledgeable members are selected (Gibson  Zellmer-Bruhn, 2006).
 There are sales professionals who have histories of completing a large number of sales successfully in short periods of time with fine attention to customer service, sales documentation, and information technology.
The very best professionals who can contribute to the highest quality sales work for the new company need to be retained, while other sales personnel need to be dropped out.  Although it is not easy to make decisions in regard to who will be utilized in the new company structure and who will be let go, it is essential to realize that not all sales personnel will be able to remain on board.  The least successful sales associates need to be purged from the new company, so that a streamlined and professional effort in moving forward to create the best possible solutions for the future can be attained.  Although some people may not be happy about losing touch will former coworkers, it is hoped that company morale will not suffer, due to the fact that the best performing individuals will be retained.